Definitions

DEFINITIONS

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 * Bias-consistent, repeated deviation of the sample stat from the population in the same direction. Use random sample to reduce.

**Categorical Variable/Data:** One that takes on categorical designations. (pg. 13) Has no fixed order and can have different groupings. Count: a variable that has numeric values (ex: How many cars do you have? 2) This uses counted data (whole numbers and 0) Circle Graph-shows part to whole relationships, its the step after stack bar graph. The whole of a circle graph is the entire circle, the part of a circle graph is the individual pieces that make up the circle. Best used for categorical data; compares a Part to Whole Relationship. **Derive Questions:** A derive question requires you to look at the information from the table and do some sort of **Computation** in order to answer the question. (Pg. 32,33) For Example: "How many 8th graders scored in the NYN (not yet novice) level in writing for 1999?" (Table 1.3.1 on Pg. 32) You cannot determine this answer without doing some computing. **Dot Plot: Best to use for Numerical Data, you can see all the data points/distribution of the data set, the data values that occur most often, data is in a set order; lowest to highest/highest to lowest, and they show gaps, clusters, bumps, and outliers in the data set.** __**F**__
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 * __﻿__ Experiment: Any activity where an observation or measurment can be made and recorded as data. **
 * Event: A collection of one or more outcomes. **
 * Frequency is the number of times an object, event, etc. occurs.

Histogram: a graphical display of the information that is found in a grouped frequency table of that data. Best used for Numerical Data, good for large groups of data, takes up a small amount of space, the data is continuous and in a set order (lowest to highest/highest to lowest), and spaces in between the bars means that there is no data available. **Interpret Questions:** These types of questions require us to **Interpret** the information presented; what we think the answer/outcome is. They require us to use higher-level thinking skills to respond to the question; an extension, prediction, or inference to read beyond the data. Interpret questions are open-ended questions. (Pg. 32, 33) For example: "What prediction can you make, based on the percentages in 1997, 1998 and 1999, about the NYN percentages of 8th graders for writing in the year 2000?" (Table 1.3.1 Pg. 32, 33) These types of questions require you to think outside of the box and make a prediction of what you think might happen based on the data presented. Mode: referred to as measures of central tendency, measures of location, or measures of center.(pg. 96) Measurement: a variable that has numeric values. (does have to be whole numbers, but real numbers) (Ex: How tall are you? 156.2cm) **Numerical Data/Measurement/Count:** Are numerical values and are summarized by typical values. (pg. 13)
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//**Has a fixed order; Data is lowest to highest/highest to lowest.**// //** [Count Data: numbers that you can count, whole numbers (1,2,3,4)] [Measurment Data: is comprised of real numbers (2.4, 3.5)] **//

**Outcome Set: The set of all possible outcomes for the experiment.** __**Probability**__- Concerned with methods of measuring the likelihood that certain events will or will not occur(theoretical probability-no data collected. Experimental probability-collect data.) __**Probability "law**__"- LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS-the more trails you do, the less variability there will be. Range, also called "Spread," is the first to last point or Minimum to Maximum difference. MEASURE OF THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OF THE DATA SET! **Read Questions:** A read question requires you to READ information from the table/data to determine the solution/answer. (Pg. 32) For Example: "What percentage of the 8th grade students scored at the proficient level in writing for 1997?" (Table 1.3.1 on Pg. 32) You can look at the information on the table and answer the question. Skewed: cluster near one end of the data values. The data is uneven throughout the graph and the "TAIL" determines if it is skewed to the right or skewed to the left. **Stacked bar graph**- shows data in a relative or in a part to whole ratio, Individual segments represent a part. All the parts combined represent the whole. Best to use for **Categorical Data**.
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 * Picture graph-use pictures (icons) to collect data (ie: pictures of food). Best to use with Categorical Data, is initially a 1 to 1 correspondence and are generally horizontal/vertical.
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 * Relative- "sample size is __relative__ to the size of the target population"
 * Real graph**-use a real object to collect data (ie: used m&m's to count each color) and are best to use for **Categorical Data**.
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**Stem-n-Leaf Plot:** Used to obtain a quick visual display of the distribution of the values in a data set, best to use for **Numerical Data**, you can see every data point. Comparison of two data sets is best made by using a Back-to-Back stem-and-leaf plot; back-to-back shows two sets of data using a common range of stems. Symmetrical-Same or similar data on both sides. The Data will look like a bell shape/bell curve.

*Target Population is A particular group of people that is identified as the intended recipient of an advertisement, product, or campaign. Also called target audience. **﻿** Variability: the spread of the data Variability: The quality, state, or degree of being variable or changeable. Variability: The range of possible outcomes of a given situation.
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 * Two stage experiment: experiment that includes 2 simple experiments that are carried out concurrently or in succession**
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